A database is a collection of data or information organized in a well-organized manner so that the data can be easily accessed, updated, and managed. Think of it as a big data file that stores data, as shown below.
As shown in the figure, a database is an integrated collection of data items or files.
According to [31], the authors suggest that the database must support features such as high reliability, high availability, high throughput, and security. A database is rated as a high-quality database if it supports the above functions in cloud sql database all operations such as updating, managing and retrieving data. Enterprises will plan to provide these capabilities while providing services to database users.

A database management system is software with a computer program that allows users to control the creation, maintenance, and use of a database. According to [32], a database package provides a database engine, data dictionary, and user interface to users. Database engine is used for the purpose of efficient storage and retrieval of data. The purpose of the user interface is to create new databases or update existing databases in the system. According to the IBM Computing Dictionary, a data dictionary is a centralized repository of information about data, such as meaning, relationship to other data, origin, purpose, and format. It is a document that determines the structure of a database and describes it. A DBMS can facilitate concurrent access to multiple databases through a user interface.
According to [31], a database management system is like a platform for database administrators to manage, create and update databases. Users can run certain applications in the DBMS to access, modify and update data. According to [32], there are different types of databases such as network databases, hierarchical databases and relational databases. Relational database was proposed by E.F. Codd in 1963. Relational databases are the primary choice for storing data compared to other models such as hierarchical database models or network models.

According to [4], businesses are becoming data-centric and increasingly generating large amounts of data in the form of sales, retail records, and other business information. This data stored in the database needs to be managed effectively. Businesses are constantly analyzing these databases and making informed decisions based on the analysis, so database performance plays a vital role in the overall functionality of the database. When a database is created, the metadata associated with the database is very small. As the size of the database increases, performance gradually deteriorates. This performance degradation has prompted researchers to look for ways to improve performance through database optimization. Database optimization can be performed at four different tiers